Rene Descartes: The Concept of Dualism Essay examples -- Dualism Essays

Rene Descartes' Argument from Divisibility is the argument in which he claims that the mind and the body are two completely different things and thus cannot be identical. His argument is that the body is divisible because it can be physically altered like being cut in half. His belief is that the mind is indivisible because it is not a physical thing. Descartes believed that if two things do not have identical properties then they couldn't be the same. What Descartes was suggesting was that human beings' bodies are separate from their thoughts and that when the body dies the mind still lives, which had undertones of suggesting that there is an afterlife. Descartes called his concept Dualism. The premise that the body is divisible is true because the body is a physical thing. The body has weight, mass, and interacting parts just like a machine such as a watch or an automobile. The premise that the mind is indivisible is not true because it is an assumption that the mind and body are two different things. "It is common knowledge that the brain is the central point of the body where all functions is controlled, mainly being sense perception and thought." (Lawhead, pg 283). The brain is as much a piece of physical matter the same way a rock is. Although much more complex than a rock, a brain and a rock have similar properties because they can be affected by the physical world and are bound by the laws of physics. All thoughts and functions come from the mind, in the sense that the word mind means our consciousness or being. It can be easy to assume that the mind and body are two separate things. Mind and body are one in the same because if the mind were not affected by the physical world, then it would not have to follow the rules of the physical world. If the mind were truly a separate thing from the body, in theory people should be able to have outer body experiences as they please. It cannot be done because the mind is confined to the body and therefore is part of the body. Outer body experiences people have claimed to have are nothing but dreams. When a person suffers trauma and claims to have had an outer body experience what they describe as experiencing is the same description of a dream. Everyone who truly dies never come back. Dead men tell no tales. The mind is a part of the body just like the heart but more dynamic and complex in its nature... ... the mind and body are different. If his idea was true then when a person suffers trauma to the head like in a car accident then that should not affect their mind and the way they think but there are many cases of people being permanently changed after head trauma. Another good example is the many prescription drugs that are out on the market such as Prozac. It is a pill which is a physical thing, like the body but it is proven to have an effect on the mind. According to Descartes the link between mind and body occurred in the pineal gland in the brain through a process called interactionism but that theory does not make sense because the pineal gland is just another part of the physical body. In the end his argument cannot be true because there is no proven link between the mind and body. There is just the physical body and nothing more; nothing less. Dualism is an idea mainly based on assumption and faith. Although it would be nice to know what happens to people after they die, that is something most people would like to wait to find out. Work Cited Lawhead, William F. (2013). The Philosophical Journey, An Interactive Approach, 6th Ed. McGraw-Hill Education. New York .

Mark Messersmith :: essays research papers

Mark Messersmith The paintings of Mark Messersmith are the most chaotic and confusing works of art I have ever laid eyes on. It is very hard to grasp the effects and themes the artist was trying to convey when painting these scenes. The scenes are very busy and tend to move your attention from one point to another which makes interpretation even harder.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One particular painting, Wakulla, was especially odd. In this painting you are looking at the scene from the height of the surrounding trees, almost as if you are sitting on a tree branch. The center focal point seems to be a possum sitting on a limb with a snake in his mouth. Although this seems to be the center of the scene, your attention very quickly is drawn to the fish flying through the air. The reasoning for this seems very vague. Maybe, the fish are making themselves more readily available to the birds above. This thought quickly fades from your mind because the birds seem to be totally uninterested in the actions of the fish.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Interpreting the meaning of such a painting is based very much on an individual’s thought processes. This work is very unique and seems to take on a different personality or theme each time you examine it. Although you find new things with every viewing, one thing remains constant. The idea of nature vs. nature tends to stick out in your mind as you picture the actions of the various animals shown.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although very hard to understand, the use of color and layering effects produce a very vivid and life like scene. The fish at the top of the picture and the animals underneath the painting seem to make the painting too busy. In fact, it adds to the already confusing and distracting scene the picture itself depicts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When I view a work of art I try to feel what the artist was feeling as he painted it; come to terms with his thoughts and what he is trying to convey in his work. With the work of Messersmith you can never be sure whether he is saying that nature is working against itself and man is working against nature or if he just has a messed up outlook on the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Art is meant to be appreciated and enjoyed. The artwork of Mark Messersmith is almost totally unable to be understood , much less appreciated.

Cyberschools: Education and Students

Over the years, technology has grown dramastically causing more schools to teach students over the web via Skype, video chats, and classroom discussions. Cyberschools are not for everyone, but it is an online school that allows students to take most or all their required courses online to obtain a diploma, certificate, or the proper training for a job. In this essay, I will argue the benefits of cyberschools creating a better learning environment and providing a better education to prepare students to be successful later in life. Cyberschools is an alternative to traditional school where students are allowed to just focus on their education without all the pressure coming from a traditional school. The growth of cyberschools is presented in the statistics, which â€Å"In 2008, 44 states offered significant online learning options for the estimated 1,030,000 students who are enrolled in online or blended full-time and supplemental courses. † This represents a growth of 47% since 2006 (Kowch, 2009). Cyberschools will create a better learning environment and provide a better education for students first, students can learn in the comfort of their own, or on the go without sitting in a room with all the distractions. For example, students that have parents in the military and that are deployed across seas, will not have to worry about missing assignments where they can go to any computer with internet access and complete that assignments and post to the discussion questions. Also, students do not have to worry about all the distractions that comes with traditional schools such as talking in class, bullies, and students coming to class late. Secondly, students have the options of choosing their program of choice and they have the flexibility when and where to take their courses, and how many hours they put into their studies. As well as, cyberschools allows students to work on their own time and at a pace that fit that student’s agenda. In the flexibility of cyberschools, it allows students if it is allowed by their instructors to work ahead in their courses. However, they do not have a set limit when they need to be in class during school. In addition, cyberschool would be great for professional students that have a job and have little time to set in a class setting in taking classes, which cyberschool provides the online learning that they need in completing their education without the middle man and distractions. Third, In cyberschools provides a better education and environment for students, is that the students can communicate with their instructors and classmates via e-mail or through their student portal without having to go a traditional school. Also, parents of students that are in pre-k and high schools attending cyberschools are more involved in their child’s education and they can keep track on how that student progress in their courses from day-to-day. Although, Cyberschools might not be for everyone, but it does have its benefits and advantages when it comes to students that have had a bad experience in traditional school from bullying and single parents that do not have babysitters, and professional students that want to go back to school, but do not have the time for taking courses in a class setting.

Bahlawane Discussion

The discussion is formulated, as the entire thesis, along with the two major investigations done during this study. These are the study of the regulatory mechanism of wg genes expression in the first part and of Rem expression in the second part. An emphasis is given to the role of MucR in both regulation paths. Finally, the conclusion will try to point out the consequences of an inter-connected regulation and be closed on the role of MucR for the symbiosis efficiency in S. meliloti. I. Regulation scheme of galactoglucan synthesis in low and high Pi Published, also already edited II.Regulation scheme of motility genes in S. meliloti. Motility and chemotaxis offers micro – organisms a distinct advantage when faced with starvation, toxic substances or a requirement to approach the appropriate host. However, the motility machinery places high energy demands on the cell. Bacteria develop a strict regulation network to control the expression of motility – related genes to av oid inappropriate energy expenditure. Bacteria also invoke alternative strategies for the regulation of motility when faced with starvation or reduced nutrient conditions. In some bacteria, e. g., Serratia liquefaciens and Escherichia coli, this strict regulation results an increase of ability to migrate when faced with reduced nutrient conditions (Sharma, Anand, 2002). Apparently the strategy is to engage the motility machinery only in response to stress / starvation conditions by moving towards a better environment. In other bacteria, e. g. S. meliloti, the strict regulation results migration toward chemo-attractants under nutrient sufficient or excess conditions and the development of the vegetative state and biofilm upon encountering stress/starvation conditions (Wei, Bauer, 1998).Thus, S. meliloti was found to be motile throughout active growth, when nutrients are readily available, and to become non-motile upon transition to the stationary phase (Rotter et al. , 2006). The clu e of this regulation remained unknown up to the present. Some advances have been performed by the discovery of Rem (Rotter et al. , 2006), a Class Ib regulator, which expression follows the cell motility. Recently, Hoang et al. (Hoang et al. , 2008) demonstrated that quorum sensing (QS) regulated motility in strain Rm8530 through the regulation of visNR expression by ExpR by using an unknown mechanism.1. Modulation of rem expression Since rem expression was found to be growth – dependent and that visN expression was constant all through the growth, new regulators of motility were expected (Rotter et al. , 2006). In the present study, we demonstrated that MucR affects motility by regulation of rem expression. Binding of MucR to the promoter region upstream of rem was shown and a sequence sharing similarities with the MucR binding site consensus (Bertram-Drogatz et al. , 1998) was identified in this region.However, further investigations suggested that sequences, downstream of this consensus, could be required for MucR binding to the rem upstream region. Since MucR inhibition was increased by a mutation in rem, we speculated that the ratio of Rem / MucR levels in the cell may contribute to the regulation of motility in S. meliloti. In RU11/001, Rem was found to be present in great amount in cells at low density (Rotter et al. , 2006) and slowly disappear during the exponential growth. We did not retrieve a much higher rem transcription level at low cell density in our wild type Rm2011.However, we cannot exclude that post – transcriptional regulation is responsible for the accumulation of Rem protein in Rm2011 at low cell density. If high levels of Rem are present in the cell, the effect of MucR on regulation of rem appears to be negligible. Consistent with this postulation, we observed that at low cell densities, the expression of rem promoter was inhibited in the presence of an intact mucR locus and a disrupted rem locus, but not in the presence o f a functional rem locus.In such scenario, the quantity of Rem within the cell in a culture of low cell density might be high enough to completely mask the effect of MucR, while at higher cell density, the higher quantity of MucR within the cell might be sufficient to inhibit transcription of rem. Another explanation for the difference of rem expression pattern between the strain RU11/001 and Rm2011 might be the expR status of these two independent wild types. Indeed, Rm2011 exhibits an insertion element within expR (Pellock et al. , 2002), leading to a non – functional gene and consequently a deficient quorum- sensing (QS) system.It was previously shown that the Sin / ExpR quorum sensing system (Marketon et al. , 2002;Marketon et al. , 2003) down-regulates motility and chemotaxis genes and that the visN-visR operon was a target for the LuxR-type regulator ExpR (HOANG 2004, HOANG 2008). We could confirm the inhibition of visN expression by AHL-activated ExpR and its relay to the rem expression. Moreover, McIntosh demonstrated binding of ExpR to the promoter region of visN in the presence of AHLs implying that ExpR directly regulates transcription of visN-visR (personal communication).While rem expression levels are regulated by several regulators, including ExpR, VisN and VisR, as demonstrated in this study and elsewhere (Hoang et al. , 2008;Rotter et al. , 2006) it is unknown what factors affect expression of the autoregulated mucR gene (Muller et al. , 1993). However, MucR appears to function as a repressor, both in the presence and absence of a functional Sin quorum sensing system (Bahlawane C. et al. , 2008;McIntosh et al. , 2008), suggesting that the regulation of mucR expression is not dependent on quorum sensing, although this remains to be confirmed.2. Requirement for swimming and swarming motility This study highlights another interesting aspect of motility in S. meliloti, namely, swarming, but not swimming, depends on the presence of a functio nal quorum sensing system and galactoglucan production. The requirement of exopolysaccharides for swarming was recently highlighted in a large scale analysis of Tn5 mutants exhibiting swarming defects in Rhizobium etli (Braeken et al. , 2008). The requirement of a functional quorum sensing for swarming was likewise found in Rhizobium etli (Braeken et al. , 2008;Daniels et al., 2006). However, this strain exhibits two different quorum sensing systems CinIR and RaiIR, with a much brighter QS signal molecules spectrum. We demonstrated that in S. meliloti, only those strains with an intact ExpR / Sin quorum sensing system and capable of galactoglucan and flagella production showed the ability to swarm. Even if MucR modulated the expression of the regulator of motility, the swimming ability of a mucR, expR – mutant (Rm101) was not affected. Therefore, swimming required flagella production, but not the ExpR/Sin system and galactoglucan biosynthesis.Swimming is an individual endeavo ur, whereas swarming is the coordinated movement of a population of bacteria in high viscosity media or over a surface and has been shown to be widespread among flagellated bacteria, particularly in association with quorum sensing (Harshey, 2003;Sharma, Anand, 2002). Hence, the involvement of quorum sensing in swarming, but not in swimming, may be an important feature in coordination of motility. 3. Interconnection between both regulation networks and comparison with other strainsCoupling of the regulation of bacterial exopolysaccharide production and the regulation of cell motility has also been found in Ralstonia solanacearum (5), Vibrio cholerae (1, 34), and Salmonella enterica (7), and presumably increases the ability of the cells to interact with their prospective host cells. We found that ExpR functions as inhibitor of the master regulator of motility VisNR, in addition to its role as an activator of the expression of the galactoglucan genes in the presence of Sin AHLs and pos itively affect expression of exoK and exsH leading to the depolymerisation of succinoglycan (McIntosh et al., 2008). Moreover, MucR is shown to inhibit the motility through rem expression, in addition to its role in the activation the HMW succinoglycan production and inhibition of the galactoglucan production. This fits well to the opposite regulation for succinoglycan biosynthesis and motility found previously for S. meliloti strains (Hoang et al. , 2008;Wells et al. , 2007;Yao et al. , 2004). A model is therefore proposed (Fig. 4. 2) where the inverse regulation of succinoglycan and flagella synthesis, as well as the role of MucR and ExpR are highlighted. Figure 4.1 Regulation schem of the motility in S. meliloti Dashed lines indicate an unknown regulation path and lines indicate a direct regulation through demonstrated DNA / protein interactions. The direct effect of ExoR /ExoS has to be further analyses, expecially the interaction with visN promoter has to be elucidated. Chapter 2 Conclusion Taking in account the scheme of galactoglucan synthesis regulation (Fig. 4. 1) and the scheme of motility regulation (Fig. 4. 2) proposed in this study, we may try to follow the effect of such regulation paths in the life – styles of the bacteria.The last one is named as free – living microorganism or as symbiont in the plant root. In the first case, the bacteria are exposed to dryness and nutrients starvation. At this stage, the biofilm production is a pre-requisite for survival. Therefore, the EPS’s biosynthesis has to be switched ON. As it is quite improbable that the cell density is high enough to activate the quorum sensing system, we can speculate that MucR plays a key role in activating the succinoglycan biosynthesis. Since the soil exhibits very low level of Pi, galactoglucan is, at this point produced through the activation via phoB and WggR.Upon biofilm formation, the cell density probably increases and could activate the quorum sensing s ystem, allowing the bacteria to produce more galactoglucan and swarm towards better conditions. In such conformation, the cells present within the centre of the swarming population are non motile and synthesized EPS; thus the cells present at the migration front are highly motile but do not synthesized EPS. It would be interesting to clarify whether a cell differentiation, as proposed by Soto (Soto et al. , 2002), takes place at this stage.Finally, if the host is present in the next neighbourhood the chemotactic compounds, as well as the nutrients found in the rood exudates, will attract the bacteria. When approaching the root, the moisture increases, along with the nutrients availability; so that swarming motility will be replaced by swimming motility that decline progressively. Indeed, the bacteria attached to the root, increasing the cell density that may lead to the inhibition of flagella production via ExpR / QS. Instead, EPS are produced, allowing recognition between the plant and the microbe as well as the invasion of the new synthesized infection thread.Once within the root, the bacteria will differentiate to bacteroid and start fixing nitrogen. We tried to highlight in this thesis the relevance of exopolysaccharides and motility for an efficient symbiosis. Great advances have been made the last years, leading to the identification of the quorum sensing interaction with motility. We participate in inclusion of MucR, as new regulator of motility and ExpR as requisite for swarming. However, the full understanding of the influence of motility in symbiosis establishment will require finding out which signals are inducing mucR and exoR/ exoS.Moreover, some tests have to be implemented to investigate the symbiosis establishment in more realistic conditions. Indeed, the bacteria are usually directly inoculated to the root, so that motility, via swarming or swimming is not required. Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Alfred Puh ler, Chair of the Genetics department, for allowing me use the very good infrastructure that promotes a very pleasant and conducive atmosphere during my research using performant techniques. I am especially grateful to Prof.Dr. Anke Becker, my supervisor, for giving me the chance to come back to research. Without her advices, ideas and resources, this work would not be possible and achieved. Thus, I thank her too for the freedom she gave me, as well as her support to test new ideas and her great help by conceiving and writing the manuscripts that become the pillars of this manuscript. Within the laboratory members, I would like to thank first Dr. Birgit Baumgarth who introduced me to the lab and to the investigated organism. Then, special thanks to Dr.Matthew McIntosh for the quorum sensing – related work and his help for preparing the derived publication. Furthermore, I would like to deeply thank Dr. Natasha Pobigaylo for her friendship, her helpful discussions and for givin g me courage when I am about to lose it. I thank Manuela Mayer, too, for the assistance in microarray hybridizations as well as Dr. Lisa Krol, Javier Serrania and Thomas Montfort for the everyday help in the lab. Finally, I would like to thank all Exopol group members for the support and advices.Least, I would like to thank my family for their unending and heartwarming support in many ways. Special thanks to Rachida Bendaou, my mother-in-law, for her support in caring my children during my research. I would like to thank my children, Ines, Soraya and Jasmine, for filling up my life with love and happiness. I would like to apologize for the bad mood and stress situations that are unfortunately connected with such a thesis. My heartfelt gratitude to my understanding and loving husband, Naoufal, for his moral and financial support, for believing in me and for sharing the passion for science with me.Resume In order to enter symbiosis with its legume partner, Sinorhizobium meliloti has t o face continual changing conditions. It has more ability to adapt quickly to the situation than the ability to face it efficiently that makes the difference in term of symbiosis efficiency. For the first interactions with its host, motility is required by S. meliloti to move towards the chemotactic compounds released by its host when exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are required later on, for the attachment to the root as well as for the invasion of the infection thread, leading to the formation of the root nodule.We focused in this study the regulatory networks leading to the coordination of motility and EPS’s production in the strain Rm2011. Depending on the phosphate concentration encountered in the environment Rm2011 synthesizes two different exopolysaccharides (EPS). Galactoglucan (EPS II) is produced under phosphate starvation but also in the presence of extra copies of the transcriptional regulator WggR (ExpG) or as a consequence of a mutation in mucR. The galactoglucan bios ynthesis gene cluster contains the operons wga (expA), wge (expE), wgd (expD), and wggR (expG).Two promoters, differentially controlled by WggR, PhoB, and MucR, were identified upstream of each of these operons. The proximal promoters of the wga, wge, and wgd transcription units were constitutively active when separated from the upstream regulatory sequences. Promoter activity studies and the positions of predicted PhoB and WggR binding sites suggested that the proximal promoters are cooperatively induced by PhoB and WggR. MucR was shown to strongly inhibit the distal promoters and bound to the DNA in the vicinity of the distal transcription start sites.An additional inhibitory effect on the distal promoter of the structural galactoglucan biosynthesis genes was identified as a new feature of WggR in a mucR mutant. Motility is organized in S. meliloti in a hierarchical cascade, with Class Ia genes, encoding the major regulator of motility VisNR; controlling the expression of the clas s Ib gene, rem, which encodes a central regulator, activating the expression of the downstream Class II and class III genes. We could demonstrate that MucR binds a DNA sequence upstream of rem, following a different mechanism as previously observed upon binding upstream of the wg genes.By this way, MucR inhibits rem expression as well as the expression of the Rem-regulated genes such as flaF and flgG. Furthermore, we addressed a balance of the swimming and swarming abilities of several S. meliloti strains derivatives of Rm2011. We could show that all strains, able to build flagella, were swimming on low viscosity agar plates. However, swarming over high viscosity agar plates required all a functional expR / sin locus, the ability to build flagellum and the production of exopolysaccharides. Finally, we propose a model for the coordination of motility and EPSs synthesis in S. meliloti.

Mutual Fund in India

Master of Science in Management Specialization in Banking & Finance Research Methodology & Decision Analysis for Business (RMDAB) Assignment 2 Literature Review TOPIC: MUTUAL INVESTMENT FUNDS IN INDIA Student Name: Sangawar Pratik Shankar Batch: MFBD51217A FIN: G1190040U Table of Contents: 1. Background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Pg. 3 2. Literature Review on Mutual Investment Funds†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Pg. 7 3. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Pg. 21 4. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Pg. 23 Background a)Introduction The Four Basic Components on which Indian financi al system is based on are Financial Market, Financial Institutions, Financial Service and Financial Instrument. One of the most important components of Financial Instrument is Mutual Investment Fund (mutual fund). (Jaspal Singh, 2004) (Mason Dave, 1999) â€Å"A mutual fund is a pool of money contributed by numerous investors, the capital gathered is invested to buy a hefty portfolio of securities† There are essentially three categories of mutual funds i. e.Money Market, Fixed Income and Stocks within each category there are variety of funds. (Mason Dave, 1999) An investment company is a body with trained portfolio managers as investment experts, they pool up the investors’ small capitals or funds for the reason of bankroll in securities. The most well-known form of Investment organisation is the open-end management association. The Other type of investment funds are closed-end funds, exchange-traded funds, business development organizations and unit investment trusts. (Jaspal Singh, 2004)The all above mentioned are civil funds the reason for that is, their share are publicly issued to investors and thus the funds and their shares are requisite to be registered with the Security Exchange Board of India (SEBI). Investment organisation/association that are secretly tender and issue their shares to investors/buyers are called private or hedge funds. The mutual or investment funds industry was started in early 1960’s with the configuration of Unit Trust of India, as an inventiveness of the Government of India and Reserve Bank of India. Jaspal Singh, 2004) Mutual fund is said to be investment as subject to market risk. As the capital is invested in the stock market to earn profits in terms of dividends, bonus shares of company, trading-buying and selling on higher prices. A common investor may not have adequate knowledge of the share market and the technical terms of the investment as how to create a good capital portfolio, which helps an invest or to play safe in the market.Now this situation of lack of investment knowledge creates an demand for mutual investment fund in mutual investment funds many small investor come together with their minor investment capital or funds and deposit it to a mutual fund investment company, organization or bank which acts as there agents or can be said as representatives in the stock market and for that service they take commission whenever the trading or buying or selling of shares is done, the commission may vary as per the investment companies. Amporn Soongswang, 2011) Mutual fund is the pool of invested money it based on the investment company which invests the savings of an amount of investors here the investors share a common financial objective, it in the ways of capital appreciation and earning incomes in the form of dividends. The funds are collected from the investors by the investment company and invested into capital markets instruments such as shares, debentures and overseas ma rket. Investors invest money and get the units as per the Net Asset Value (NAV).NAV is the current value of the money in the financial market or it can be explained as the present value of the fund in the financial market. (Bello, 2009) As mentioned that Mutual fund is the appropriate investment mode for the common man or the ordinary investor as it offers an investment prospect to invest in diversified portfolio management, high-quality research panel, proficiently manage Indian stock as well as the foreign market, the most important objective of the fund manager is to give the investor the safest investment and a balanced capital portfolio to play safe with maximum returns with good capital appreciation.The fund manager should also look after the trading of the stock i. e. buying and selling of stock or shares and through this the fund manager should generate revenue for the investor and should be able to give fair returns to the investors. (Dave, 1992) This helps the investment c ompany to keep up their promise of profit generation and maximization through mutual funds and it can be done through good diversification of capital portfolio. (Patzelt, 2009) (b)Brief History of Mutual Investment FundMutual Investment as per the dates support was started in 19th century it was introduced in Europe, in exacting, Great Britain. Robert Fleming was the person to set up the first investment trust called Foreign and colonial investment trust as per the records it was in 1868. The Foreign and colonial investment trust and other investment which had their located in Britain and the U. S. , are known as close-ended mutual funds today. Massachusetts investor’s trust was the first trust in the U. S. , it was established in March 1924 it was an open-ended mutual fund. Ramola, 1992) Innovation in the products and services of financial market improved the popularity of mutual investment funds in 1950s and 1960s. The first global stock mutual investment fund was introduce d in the U. S in year 1940. This financial market or can called as finance industry witnessed substantial growth in the 1980s and 1990s. In present the mutual funds are major source of ‘safe’ investment and it is a very successful product of financial market. (Ramola, 1992) Literature ReviewTHE EMERGENCE OF mutual funds was the outcome of the requirement to assemble small savings of domestic sector and to channelize it for productive measures through stock market or can be said as financial market. In the early stage of industrial revolution which was in early 1970’s in India, the deposits with the banks and other financial institution lost their importance with the growth of capital market and the declining interest rates. The new investors or small investor demonstrating their risk adverse nature shifted from less rollback bank deposits and low fluidic investment like LIC, Provident Fund and Pension Funds etc. owards fluidic, momentary investments like units, s hares, and debentures. (Bhapkar, 2007) However, an boilerplate or common investor is scared of fundamental market and hence cannot take decision or can be said as no path to walk on or no way can be seen, the condition was not at all decision making for investment, for small or average investor as, in which security to make the investment and when to make investment. This as a conclusion led to the advancement of mutual funds/bond funds in Indian financial industries.As mentioned above that in early 1970’s it was an start of industrial revolution in India and in that period of time there was high industries setting up in India and it created a high requirement of funds, so as the reaction of this action was public issue of for gathering of capital, but the amount which was collected was in bulk or we can say that investment which was asked by the companies or industries was a huge amount in this situation the small investors was not able to invest and enjoy the ownership and were also not having the knowledge of investment, so as to overcome this problem the mutual funds came into introduction, and the financial institution such as bank, mutual fund investment companies came to represent the investors in the market and help them invest into correct or good company. (Furfine, 2001) Here in Mutual Fund Company the funds were gathered from small investors and pool up capital and make a huge or bulk of capital and in exchange they were given NAV â€Å"Definition of ‘Net Asset Value – NAV' A mutual fund's price per share or exchange-traded fund's (ETF) per-share value. In one and the other cases, the per-share dollar amount of the capital is determined by segmented the total value of all the securities in its portfolio, less any liabilities/amenabilities, by the number of fund shares outstanding† . (Iqbal Mansur, 2010) Mutual funds units are investment vehicles that help new investors to take a ong ride through capital market, which is no t possible individually with small amount of investment. It provides a means of involvement in the financial market for investors who don’t have the time or perhaps the expertise to take direct investment decisions in equities successfully. (Dr. Rajesh Bahunguna, 2010) The basic need and objectives of the fund assembled by mutual funds in India has been on the exaggerated since their initiation in 1964 i. e. with introduction of US 64, the flagship scheme of UTI. A further it was in 1987 and 1989, when the investors. Distant, accumulating in measure with the objectives of distinct commercial policy of 1991, mutual fund market was open to the clandestine sectors in the country i. e. India. (Dr.Rajesh Bahunguna, 2010) Since 1993 the opening year of clandestine sector mutual funds, the investment inclination deviated more in favour the private sector funds. The swelling collection of mutual funds crossed Rs. 120000 billion (SGD $ 2666. 66 billion) marks in India by November, 200 2 with almost 59. 78% of the total investment going into private sector mutual investment funds. (Dr. Rajesh Bahunguna, 2010) The fact that the money so invested comes out of the hard earned savings of the investors apparently bring home the desired need of studying what the investors think about the mutual funds. It may also be mentioned here that less or small effort has been devoted or done by researchers in India to study the perceptions of investor towards mutual funds. Haugen, 1986) In the antecedent phase in India it was found that in general less knowledgeable mutual fund investors were found to be lacked in knowledge and were not autonomous in making fund investment decision making. Rather, they are the easily lured and motivated lot to get their investment made in any recommended mutual fund. Hence, to make this research meaningful, the focus is more on the educated and informed investors. Hence to invest in mutual funds the factor describes that investor’s preferen ce for mutual fund investment because of the professional expertise of fund managers which can be said as the representatives on behalf of investors and in return they commission as there fees. (F. A.Abeer, 2012) The risk exposure that has to be faced for directly investing in stock market obviates the need for professionally expert managers for managing investment in stock market. We can take one more explanation to get some more knowledge of mutual funds; the first category of Contribution Company was the entity trust, which was a fixed pool of securities that, conflicting a mutual fund was not intensely managed. The first unit trust was bringing about in England in 1868. In contrast to the entity investment trusts, these funds were awful leveraged and formularised in market performance and their amount collapse during the great stock market clash of 1929. Open end and closed funds that bought their capital managers the potential to convert the concealed structure of securities. I qbal Mansur, 2010) Mean while past years, closed-end investment organisation were another prevailing category of fund. A considerable aspect of this closed-end organisation was that they use leverage to play safe in the field. Closed-end organisation applied Leverage by allotting bonds and issuing shares in the financial market offering shares to the public. This helped to the company to raise funds that were used to purchase portfolio securities which were a very important part. The extensive aberration among a closed-end fund and an open-end fund is that the mainstay of an open-end fund stance equipped to regain shares while and are redeemable. Kirsch, 2011) As it becomes very flexible for choices of mutual funds as they are redeemable and irredeemable it depends upon the investor that in which form they feel safe and are willing to invest. Mutual Funds have such structure to endow with utmost benefits to the investors, and the authorised person in Investment Company which is the fund manager has research team to attain the objectives of the scheme. Mutual Fund Investment Company has different units of sector funds; the requirement of these units to achieve the maximum market return is proper planning for strategic investment. (William Fung, 2008) There should be a planned and unique diversification for the capital portfolio as per the market condition and investors or Investment Company’s resistance capacity.A planned portfolio helps to resist in the market as if the one part of the investment occurs loss the other stock or unit may bear it through generating profits and balance the situation, it is seen when the capital investment portfolio of the investor is very strong and well planned. For strong portfolio there should be professional Management here the fund manager should undergo throughout different research works and has adequate investment skills which promise high returns to the investor than what the investor can cope on his own. (Rainish Robert, 2002) Investment through mutual funds by a mutual fund investment company reduces risk factor, as the financial market is very dynamic in nature and requires high and accurate quality of analysis to generate good amount of return which very worth for an investor after taking such risk.Investing in mutual fund through an investment company diversifies the portfolio of securities yet with little investment in a mutual fund. The risk is diverted in a diversified portfolio than investing in just in 2 or 3 securities. (Palmiter, 2009) There are low transaction expenses due to the economies of scale (repayment of larger volumes), because of that reason mutual funds pay lesser transaction costs and the paybacks are passed to the investors. Mutual funds units have a great advantage of liquidity as in case an investor may not be capable to sell the shares hold by him effortlessly and swiftly, while units of mutual funds are more liquid to sell off and regain the invested capital as p er the current value.Mutual funds are said to be investor oriented as it gives investors a wide range of investment schemes with different investment objectives. Investor has the choice of investing in a scheme which provides him the association between its investment aims and desired financial goals. As every investor wants to get higher return but with that they have right to know that where the capital is invested, so for such course of action mutual funds provides investors with the latest updated information pertaining to the markets and the investment schemes in the financial markets. All required material is disclosed to the investor as per the requirement of the regulator. Shah, 2000) As mutual funds have liquidity, security, transparency, low transaction cost and fair returns, it makes it very flexible. Investor can also control their holdings from a debt scheme to equity scheme and vice-versa. There is alternative of organized investment and withdrawal at regular time inte rvals is also offered to investors in open-end schemes. As mutual fund industry is a regulatory, it has its rules and regulation it is an element of well synchronized investment environment in this environment the interests of the investors are confined by the supervisory body. All the transactions and funds are registered in up to date manner with SEBI and complete transparency is kept. (Dr.Rajesh Bahunguna, 2010) In spite of ample amount of positive terms there are some disadvantages of mutual funds such as the fund manager may always not be able to manage to generate profits he might create loss as the whole control is in hand of the fund manager as the capital is of the investor but there is no control of the investor on his own capital. The fund has its own strategy for investment to sell, to hold, to buy time period. The cost control is not in hand of the investor, investors are applicable to pay the investment management fees and also the fund allocation costs as a proportion of the capital value of his investment as long as the investor holds the funds or units it is irrespective of the performance of the fund in the financial market.The capital portfolio is decided by the fund manager and also the decision of the investment of securities is in hands of the fund manager here investor has no right to get in the way on the decision making procedure of the investment by the fund manager, which some of the investors find as disadvantage in achieving their financial objectives. (Furfine, 2001) As mutual fund offers a range of investment schemes, so the investors finds it difficult to select the one in which he invests his capital it because the investor is lacking in that knowledge that is the reason he is investing his money through mutual funds but still the investor has to take decision to choose the scheme for this, they may have to take advice of the financial planners in order to make safe investment and invest in the right fund to gain profits throug h the invested funds which the major objective of the investors and let their money bloom. (Cornaggia, 2009)It is mentioned by many authors that investment funds are one of the important institutions for investing capital in to the financial market which is along with many risks for various investors especially the new and inexperienced ones which are lacking in the market conditions knowledge or we can say investment knowledge. Mutual investment companies act as financial intermediaries for non-professional investors they also respond to the requirement of the investors by making different types of capital portfolios with different configurations of securities. Since the market conditions are very dynamic in nature as mentioned earlier, investors are lacking in experience or almost new to the financial industry and they do not have knowledge of the markets professional literature and culture of the stock. (F. A. Abeer, 2012)The financial market in very wide in nature of investment and has an insufficient financial tools for investment and further support of small investor rights in neither regular nor efficient, and investing directly in capital market without any professional’s advice is rather very risky to invest until and unless the investor is an professional himself or has an adequate knowledge of financial industry and other important financial tool thus forecasting and establishing financial intermediary associations such as mutual fund investment companies is important and should be done by the financial market custodians. (F. A. Abeer, 2012) There are some main characteristics of mutual funds which have to be kept in mind while investing and which are very useful for an investor even if the investor is investing through an investment company such as, the mutual investment funds are purchased or the capital is invested through fund or broker of the fund so in this case the investor cannot sell it in the secondary market to other buyers or inve stors.The price of mutual fund each unit is decided according to the net value of the asset of investment unit and additional of wages that are occurred at the time of purchase. The investment unit can return to the fund or the broker as the units are redeemable. The return price of the each unit is as per the current net value asset with deduction of the transaction fees. The buying and selling of units is and continues process and continue constantly. There are different types of mutual funds it is based on the different investment objectives along with the various amount of risk involved, investment expenses and the fluctuations of the unit fund. Garmhausen, 2012) There are some types of funds such as close end fund; some features of these funds are the investment companies having fixed capital and in spite of being redeeming stocks makes its trading in secondary market for investors and hence can traded in secondary market, here the investors are able to purchase the funds direc tly and solely. Units or stocks of closed end funds are not available in stock or financial market for selling continuously these funds is just issued at their stocks in Initial Public Offering (IPO) for selling and investors willing to invest in funds can buy or invest their capital at the time of IPO or issue made the company and then those shares can easily trade in the secondary stock markets, here the stock can be traded. (Glassman, 2004) After the issue or the IPO and the stock price designated in the market according to the market’s conditions and influence, because of this sign of action it can be lower or higher that the NAV of each unit or share.Basically closed end funds are divided based on their approaches, risks, return patterns, investment objectives and portfolios are separated to different types and as according to that they have various levels of risk, volatility and fees variances. There is another category of funds which is said to be Index funds it is par t of investment fund the most important feature of the index fund is the low cost, low tax and fees as compared to the other funds which are active in the financial market. The portfolio for the index funds is fixed, so they have lesser flexibility as compare to other funds. (Glassman, 2004) The major objective of the fund is to reach the return of the selected index such as National Stock Exchange (NSE) Index.There are some very important stock exchanges in India such as follows: Bombay stock exchange, Ahmedabad share and stock brokers association, Calcutta stock exchange association Ltd, Delhi stock exchange association Ltd, Madras stock exchange association Ltd, Indore stock brokers association Ltd, Bangalore stock exchange, Hyderabad stock exchange, Cochin stock exchange, Pune stock exchange, Uttar Pradesh stock exchange, Ludhiana stock exchange, Jaipur stock exchange Ltd, Gauhati stock exchange Ltd, Mangalore stock exchange, Maghad stock exchange Ltd, Patna, Bhuvaneshwar stock exchange association Ltd, Over the counter exchange of India, Bombay, Saurastra kuth stock exchange Ltd, Vsdodard stock exchange Ltd, Coimbatore stock exchange Ltd, The Meerut stock exchange, National stock exchange, Integrated stock exchange. (Dr. Rajesh Bahunguna, 2010) The mentioned are the stock exchanges of India but are driven by the major stock exchanges which are Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and National StockExchange (NSE) these are the major index setters in the market are the regulatory which governed them id the Security Exchange board of India (SEBI). Exchange Traded Fund is a type of fund which is also called as ETF; ETF shares are not sold directly to the individual investors the ETF shares are mostly issued in the stock exchange in big blocks which been called creating and issuing units, and then the offers are given to the institutional investors. The sales of ETF are in non cash way for issuing and creating units to institutional investors and investors bring in the ir portfolio instead of cash and their portfolio is mostly same as the fund portfolio.After the purchase of the large blocks of ETF units the institutional investors divide the large stock into smaller parts or units and then it is ready to trade in the secondary market and is offered to the individual investors. (Dr. Rajesh Bahunguna, 2010) Then after the trading in secondary market, individual investors have two ways to trade the ETF’s shares or funds which are selling the stock to the other willing investors or returning them to the institution. Returning shares is only possible at the creation stage, issuing units scale and in non-cash ways. In layman’s words, instead of cash money, investors are allotted with existing securities at the portfolio of the funds. (Dr.Rajesh Bahunguna, 2010) The two main features of Mutual Investment Fund are said to be management and high liquidity: -Outside management: As the nature of mutual investment fund is different from joint s tock company’s shares in one major issue, i. e. they are not managed by the inside management of the company. The important part of the Administrative and Operations of the mutual investment funds are done by the service providers from outside of the fund. There are some important fund operations and duties such as portfolio management, distribution of investment units, marketing and other activities which are directly affecting the service provider company; it uses existent specialty association’s facilities and abilities in the field of finance industry. The administrative and public expenses can be saved by outsourcing of main activities and small organizational core work. Klinger, 1992) -Variable capital and high liquidity: There is no fixed/closed capital for mutual investment fund and the difference in their capital is seen at the time of issue and redeeming investment units, while there are no limitations for buying and redeeming as they are continuous in nature and investors can always buy and sell the mutual fund investment units and can be freely traded. Here the investors holding the fund unit can redeem the entire or part of their investment holdings and can change it to liquid cash on the basis of the Net Asset Value (NAV) of the funds. (Klinger, 1992) – Daily pricing of investment units: There is daily pricing of the fund units as mentioned early that it depends upon the NAV of the fund.The daily NAV is the sum of the market value of the portfolio minus funds debt and divided by the total amount of units have purchased by the investor. – Professional Management: Involvement of professional investment consultant gives a feature of Professional Management; the consultant has done with comprehensive research and having abundant information of the market situation and conditions. This feature is very important for any service provider as the investors may not have adequate knowledge of the investment planning and making a strong capital portfolio and this feature also helps investors to get familiar with the mechanism of Stock Exchange system. Klinger, 1992) – Diversification of securities and risk management: As investing in different securities and assets reduces the influence of reduction of value of the investment, the mutual funds manage the risk factor by diversifying configuration of different companies in different industries securities and use an expert or professional for maintenance of capital portfolio. (Klinger, 1992) Mutual Funds Classification: Mutual funds have been divided into three main groups which are as follows- I. Mutual funds that invest in companies stock II. Mutual funds that invest in securities with fixed income III. Mutual funds that invest in the money market All types of Mutual funds have been placed in one of the three above-mentioned groups. Mutual Investment Funds have wide range of investment objectives and it can be classified from conservative to aggressive and offer wide range of options and flexibility of investment of the funds to investor. (Dr. Rajesh Bahunguna, 2010) Conclusion:The study focuses on mutual funds risks and advantages, the findings may not be appropriate for an investor to understand the condition but with the above research we can get a picture of mutual fund and the risks allotted with it. The outputs of the research will let the investors understand mutual funds and market better. With the help of the information a new investor can get a basic idea or can understand the concept of mutual fund, the above research also helps in exploring the risk factors of mutual funds. It also mentions the advantages of mutual funds which help investors to make good decision for investing their hard earned money and with they can play safe in the market and gain good profits.As the research of mutual fund is an continues process because the market condition are very dynamic in nature and continuously changing are they directly af fect the funds as it gives an direct impact on the funds the market conditions are need to be watched or observed very closely by the experts and investors as well. Market situation needs to be observing very closely to play safe in the market and help the investors to grow their funds and earn a fair income. India is a developing economy with many emerging industries and companies; the current situation in India today is that a common investor in general is found to be confused regarding his or her selection of investment in mutual investment funds it may be due to dynamic economy or various scheme that are available in the market, so the selection process becomes very important for investors that in which fund to invest in?The above study was trying to resolve the problem of investment decision with giving a brief introduction to the nature and characteristics of mutual investment funds and the finance industry. (Words-4,698) Bibliography/References Amporn Soongswang, Y. S. , 2011 . Equity Mutual Fund: Performances, Persistence and Fund Rankings. Journal of Knowledge Management, 1(6), pp. 11-76. Bello, Z. Y. , 2009. On The Predictability Of Mutual Fund Returns. Journal Of Business & Economic Stidies, 15(1), pp. 70-89. Bhapkar, R. , 2007. 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Description of Company Operations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Description of Company Operations - Assignment Example The assignment "Description of Company Operations" presents the description of company operations in such companies as Biolea, Evian, Gulf Craft Inc. and Ircon International Limited. Biolea is a company that has been in existence since 1817 and is family-owned. The company produces a wide range of organic olive oil products using millstones and presses. Production and bottling of the Biolea’s product take place exclusively at the estate. In the pursuit of excellence, the company combines innovation and tradition, maintained environmental accountability, and promotion of sustainable tourism. Examples of variable costs include labor required in millstones and presses, and the costs required to increase the output of the organic olive oil. Fixed costs of this company include salaries and wages to employees and equipment maintenance costs. Mixed costs to this company include fuel costs to the machine and insurance fees. Established in 1982 out of a passion for the sea, Gulf Craft has continued to exist and operate on three pillars. The pillars include love for the sea, being passionate about building, and an unmatched belief of UAE’s success depending upon and around industrial productivity. The company’s productivity revolves around these three pillars since its inception. The company specializes in boat construction, shipyard operation across 40 different countries. Its strategic location of proximity to the traditional yacht market provides an opportunity for market expansion and dominance.

M essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

M - Essay Example Second, the American government did not exactly stop China from controlling Chinese Americans in the U.S. The U.S. did not protect Chinese Americans in Americans soil because it continued to see the latter as suspicious illegal aliens, even after World War II. Furthermore, the U.S. government did not take positive actions to create equal conditions for Chinese Americans. It practiced racial profiling as a means of cleansing the U.S. of suspected communist Chinese Americans. This statement, â€Å"Chinese in the United States were subjected to a highly institutionalized structure of dual domination?† means that Chinese Americans had two lords in the U.S. - the U.S. government and the Chinese government. Both governments subjected Chinese Americans to racial oppression and exclusion, as already explained in the first paragraph. World War II did little to ease racism and oppression against Chinese Americans. Although President Roosevelt compelled the U.S. Congress in 1943 to repea l the Chinese exclusion laws, he did so because it was an essential military strategy. He also replaced it with a less stringent exclusionary law through the immigration quota system. During the Cold War, instead of improving the rights and liberties of Chinese Americans, the U.S. ... 2. The effect on the atomic bombs on Japan and its economy is that, at first, the Japanese got angry at their military leaders, and many accepted that their nation should never launch another war, while the Japanese economy severely suffered initially because of lost jobs and the destruction of cities during the atomic bombing. First, after the atomic bombing, the Japanese remarkably felt more resentment for their military forces than the U.S. government. They did not harbor any racist feelings against the U.S., although some resentment developed during the opportunist actions of the U.S. toward Japan when the Cold War started. Second, the atomic bomb negatively affected the economy of Japan, where the unemployed reached 13 million and demobilized Japanese soldiers became beggars. The Japanese persevered by working closely with the Allied forces in forming a new government structure and new policies that affected its way of life. For instance, a new constitution was ratified in 1946, which guided the Japanese government toward a more democratic era. The Japanese constitution in 1946 laid out the preservation of the emperor as the symbol of unity of the people and renunciation of future wars. By preserving the Emperor, the Japanese were able to hold on their ancient cultural symbols, which helped them persevere during these trying times. The Japanese people received greater democracy in how members of the government were selected and removed too. Furthermore, changes in agrarian and labor laws improved satisfaction among peasants and workers. These changes enabled many farmers to own their own lands, while workers were allowed to form and participate in trade unions. By 1970, Japan became a world power despite the obstacles because of the combination of